How to Calculate Fourier Transforms - Revision history

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	#*A vector carries a point on a straight line to some other point.		#*A vector carries a point on a straight line to some other point.
	#*A phasor revolves a vector around a point with certain circular frequency '''ω'''. A phasor is a revolving vector.		#*A phasor revolves a vector around a point with certain circular frequency '''ω'''. A phasor is a revolving vector.
	# Observe that when a fixed length vector is rotating around a point, its projection, its shadow on the ~~real~~ axis changes from a maximum value gradually to zero and then to maximally negative number and again back to zero and again back to a maximum positive value.		# Observe that when a fixed length vector is rotating around a point, its projection, its shadow on the imaginary axis changes from a maximum value gradually to zero and then to maximally negative number and again back to zero and again back to a maximum positive value.
	#*[[Image:WikiHowFou07.png\|center\|400px\|Rotating Vector]]Length of projection of the rotating vector – shadowed on the imaginary axis – changes in a sinusoid manner.		#*[[Image:WikiHowFou07.png\|center\|400px\|Rotating Vector]]Length of projection of the rotating vector – shadowed on the imaginary axis – changes in a sinusoid manner.
	# Conclude that a sinusoid can be written as a phasor and in this fashion it is easier to deal with Fourier series. Compare this with sinusoid form. All the concerns about ''a''<sub>0</sub> ''a''<sub>n</sub> ''b''<sub>n</sub> have been relaxed. There is only one factor ''a''<sub>k</sub> that should be calculated. Calculations are done by calculating a simple integral of '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' that gives all the coefficients in one go. Now the before mentioned chef makes any kind of cake with just one ingredient. [[Image:WikiHowFou05.png\|center\|550px\|Fourier Series in Complex Form]]		# Conclude that a sinusoid can be written as a phasor and in this fashion it is easier to deal with Fourier series. Compare this with sinusoid form. All the concerns about ''a''<sub>0</sub> ''a''<sub>n</sub> ''b''<sub>n</sub> have been relaxed. There is only one factor ''a''<sub>k</sub> that should be calculated. Calculations are done by calculating a simple integral of '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' that gives all the coefficients in one go. Now the before mentioned chef makes any kind of cake with just one ingredient. [[Image:WikiHowFou05.png\|center\|550px\|Fourier Series in Complex Form]]

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2014-02-23T10:33:32Z

Categorised

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	<font size="100%">''F''</font>ourier transforms is easily can be grasped if certain steps followed in a carefully arranged paces. Fourier transforms is the foundation of many part of modern civilisation. Those include mobile communication and digital photography, lasers and optics. Fourier transform has been ramified to other tools such as the discrete Fourier transforms, wavelets (well known as being used in JPeg and MPeg), pattern recognition, finance, medical imaging and numerous other usages.		<font size="100%">''F''</font>ourier transforms is easily can be grasped if certain steps followed in a carefully arranged paces. Fourier transforms is the foundation of many part of modern civilisation. Those include mobile communication and digital photography, lasers and optics. Fourier transform has been ramified to other tools such as the discrete Fourier transforms, wavelets (well known as being used in JPeg and MPeg), pattern recognition, finance, medical imaging and numerous other usages.
			[[Category:Engineering]]

	==Steps==		==Steps==
	# Learn what is a periodic function. A periodic function repeats its form in known interval of time. That is '''''f'' ( ''t'' ) = ''f'' ( ''t'' + ''n''T )''', where ''n'' is any integer.		# Learn what is a periodic function. A periodic function repeats its form in known interval of time. That is '''''f'' ( ''t'' ) = ''f'' ( ''t'' + ''n''T )''', where ''n'' is any integer.

Wikiadmin: Formatted

2014-02-19T12:37:57Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 14:37, 19 February 2014
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	~~Fourier~~ transforms is easily can be grasped if certain steps followed in a carefully arranged paces. Fourier transforms is the foundation of many part of modern civilisation. Those include mobile communication and digital photography, lasers and optics. Fourier transform has been ramified to other tools such as the discrete Fourier transforms, wavelets (well known as being used in JPeg and MPeg), pattern recognition, finance, medical imaging and numerous other usages.
			<font size="100%">''F''</font>ourier transforms is easily can be grasped if certain steps followed in a carefully arranged paces. Fourier transforms is the foundation of many part of modern civilisation. Those include mobile communication and digital photography, lasers and optics. Fourier transform has been ramified to other tools such as the discrete Fourier transforms, wavelets (well known as being used in JPeg and MPeg), pattern recognition, finance, medical imaging and numerous other usages.

Wikiadmin: Format corrected

2014-02-19T12:31:20Z

Format corrected

Wikiadmin: Formatted

2014-02-19T12:21:02Z

Formatted

Wikiadmin: Creating Page

2014-02-19T11:30:52Z

Creating Page

New page

Fourier transforms is easily can be grasped if certain steps followed in a carefully arranged paces. Fourier transforms is the foundation of many part of modern civilisation. Those include mobile communication and digital photography, lasers and optics. Fourier transform has been ramified to other tools such as the discrete Fourier transforms, wavelets (well known as being used in JPeg and MPeg), pattern recognition, finance, medical imaging and numerous other usages.

=========
# Learn what is a periodic function. A periodic function repeats its form in known interval of time. That is '''''f'' ( ''t'' ) = ''f'' ( ''t'' + ''n''T )''', where ''n'' is any integer.
#*These intervals are called periods. In previous relation, '''T''' is the period.
[[Image:WikiHowFou01.png|center|400px|thumb|A Periodic Function]]
# Learn the basic idea in Fourier his own language.
#*Any periodic function can be decomposed, can be written, in terms of certain number of basic sinusoid function with simple periods.
#*Each sinusoid function has frequency of integer multiple of the basic frequency.
[[Image:WikiHowFou02.png|center|400px|thumb|Fourier Expansion]]
The previous equation says, that any periodic function can be written or expanded as the summation of
#* a constant value, ½ ''a''0, also called the DC value and a bunch of sinusoid functions. Depending of the original function part of the expansion could be zero.
#*'''ω'''0 is the basic circular frequency that can be easily calculated from the basic period '''T'''.
#*It only remains to calculate ''a''0 and a formula that creates the whole bunch of ''a''n and whole bunch of ''b''n. You do it using orthogonality property of sinusoids.
#Learn what is the meaning of ''orthogonal'' functions. Orthogonal functions are perpendicular to each other. It means if you take any two, say, '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' and '''''g'' ( ''t'' )''' from a bunch of them, then
#*[[Image:WikiHowFou03.png|left|180px|thumb|Orthogonality]]
#*Sinusoid functions are such a bunch of orthogonal functions.
#*Compare this with the basic notion of perpendicular vectors where the dot product is equal to zero. Dot product is the summation of products of pairwise components of two vectors. Here instead of summation an integral should be calculated.
# Know the difference between a ''vector'' and a ''phasor''.
#*A vector carries a point on a straight line to some other point.
#*A phasor revolves a vector around a point with certain circular frequency '''ω'''. A phasor is a revolving vector.
# Observe that when a fixed length vector is rotating around a point, its projection, its shadow on the real axis changes from a maximum value gradually to zero and then to maximally negative number and again back to zero and again back to a maximum positive value.
#*[[Image:WikiHowFou07.png|center|400px|Rotating Vector]]
Length of projection of the rotating vector – shadowed on the imaginary axis – changes in a sinusoid manner.
# Conclude that a sinusoid can be written as a phasor and in this fashion it is easier to deal with Fourier series. Compare this with sinusoid form. All the concerns about ''a''0 ''a''n ''b''n have been relaxed. There is only one factor ''a''k that should be calculated. Calculations are done by calculating a simple integral of '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' that gives all the coefficients in one go. Now the before mentioned chef makes any kind of cake with just one ingredient. [[Image:WikiHowFou05.png|left|550px|Fourier Series in Complex Form]]
# Interpret the expansion for the '''''f'' ( ''t'' )'''. What is unknown in that expansion?
#* You need to calculate an infinite number of ''a''k's.
#*All ''a''k's are easily can be calculated from integration of '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' to result in the whole bunch of them.
#** Instead of the ''whole bunch'' wording, the notation { ak } is used.
#**{ ak } is known as the spectrum of '''''f'' ( ''t'' )'''.
#* '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' is actually the synthesise of infinite number of phasors with different length rotating with frequencies harmonic to the basic frequency '''ω'''0 of the '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' in both directions, clockwise and counter-clockwise since ''k'' roams among the positive and negative integers, both.
# Look at the pair of formulas as a transform, rather than as a series expansion. When you have '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' then you have ''a''k. And inversely, when you have ''a''k then you'll get '''''f'' ( ''t'' )'''. Values of ''a''k are transform of '''''f'' ( ''t'' )'''. Value of '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' is the inverse transform of ''a''k's. This is written as,[[Image:WikiHowFou06 1.png|left|150px|Fourier Pair]]
# Note. It seems that there are two '''''domains'''''. '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' is in the domain of time but ak's are in domain of integer numbers. Hence, Fourier expansion transforms one domain to another domain and vice versa. [[Image:WikiHowFou08 3.png|left|450px|Note]]
#*For this reason this is said to be a ''time continuous'' transform.
#*People who study waves, use an oscilloscope to watch the time continuous wave and use a spectrum analyser to watch the lines or spectrums of the concerned wave.
# Look a the most frequent example. This is say, a rectangle shutter that regularly opens and closes. Or could be a clock time-stamping an event regularly. It is a train of fixed duration pulses.
[[Image:WikiHowFou09 1.png|left|450px|thumb|A Train of Pulses]]
#*This is the easiest example one can calculate using K-12 (British A-level Maths) or equivalent knowledge of calculus, since inside the integral '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' is equal to one for part and equal to zero for other parts and you should calculate integral of an exponential which is equal to itself regardless of a coefficient. In that level you are familiar with converting a complex exponential to a sinusoid. Remains what is a '''''Sinc''''' function. Simply, '''''Sinc'' ( ''x'' ) = ''Sin'' ( ''x'' ) / ''x'''''. It scales a sinusoid to its angle, similar to percentage.
#*[[Image:WikiHowFou10.png|right|200px|thumb| Sinc Function as the Envelope]]Draw the envelope of the '''''a''''k'' '''.
#*Draw the envelope of the '''|''a''''k'' |''' to appreciate its dying hops.
#*Each ''lobe'' of the '''Sinc''' function is filled with certain number of spectrum lines.
#*Making Each pulse of the ''train'' narrower, makes the number of the lines in the spectrum to be increased and looks more dense and it seems as if the spectrum is actually a continuous '''Sinc''' function not a discrete any more.
# Appreciate that now you are looking at the Fourier series expansion of a periodic function as a transform of two domains. Remains to see what is the transform of a non-periodic function.
# Affirm your expectation that the expansion of a non-periodic function will be in the form of an integral instead of summation.[[Image:WikiHowFou11.png|left|550px|Fourier Series in Complex Form]]
#*You are correct that this is the Fourier ''integral'' contrasted with the Fourier ''series''.
#Hence Fourier transform for ''continuous time" functions could be a Fourier series or a Fourier integral.
# Consider a single rectangular pulse. You see that pulse if a rectangular shutter opens and be closed only once. Or a step motor becomes on and then off.
[[Image:WikiHowFou12.png|left|450px|thumb|A Single Pulse]]

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	==Steps==		==Steps==
	# Learn what is a periodic function. A periodic function repeats its form in known interval of time. That is '''''f'' ( ''t'' ) = ''f'' ( ''t'' + ''n''T )''', where ''n'' is any integer.		# Learn what is a periodic function. A periodic function repeats its form in known interval of time. That is '''''f'' ( ''t'' ) = ''f'' ( ''t'' + ''n''T )''', where ''n'' is any integer.
	#*These intervals are called periods. In previous relation, '''T''' is the period.		#*These intervals are called periods. In previous relation, '''T''' is the period.[[Image:WikiHowFou01.png\|center\|400px\|thumb\|A Periodic Function]]
	[[Image:WikiHowFou01.png\|center\|400px\|thumb\|A Periodic Function]]
	# Learn the basic idea in Fourier his own language.		# Learn the basic idea in Fourier his own language.
	#*Any periodic function can be decomposed, can be written, in terms of certain number of basic sinusoid function with simple periods.		#*Any periodic function can be decomposed, can be written, in terms of certain number of basic sinusoid function with simple periods.
	#*Each sinusoid function has frequency of integer multiple of the basic frequency.		#*Each sinusoid function has frequency of integer multiple of the basic frequency.[[Image:WikiHowFou02.png\|center\|400px\|thumb\|Fourier Expansion]]The previous equation says, that any periodic function can be written or expanded as the summation of
	[[Image:WikiHowFou02.png\|center\|400px\|thumb\|Fourier Expansion]]
	The previous equation says, that any periodic function can be written or expanded as the summation of
	#* a constant value, ½ ''a''<sub>0</sub>, also called the DC value and a bunch of sinusoid functions. Depending of the original function part of the expansion could be zero.		#* a constant value, ½ ''a''<sub>0</sub>, also called the DC value and a bunch of sinusoid functions. Depending of the original function part of the expansion could be zero.
	#*'''ω'''<sub>0</sub> is the basic circular frequency that can be easily calculated from the basic period '''T'''.		#*'''ω'''<sub>0</sub> is the basic circular frequency that can be easily calculated from the basic period '''T'''.
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	#*A phasor revolves a vector around a point with certain circular frequency '''ω'''. A phasor is a revolving vector.		#*A phasor revolves a vector around a point with certain circular frequency '''ω'''. A phasor is a revolving vector.
	# Observe that when a fixed length vector is rotating around a point, its projection, its shadow on the real axis changes from a maximum value gradually to zero and then to maximally negative number and again back to zero and again back to a maximum positive value.		# Observe that when a fixed length vector is rotating around a point, its projection, its shadow on the real axis changes from a maximum value gradually to zero and then to maximally negative number and again back to zero and again back to a maximum positive value.
	#*[[Image:WikiHowFou07.png\|center\|400px\|Rotating Vector]]		#*[[Image:WikiHowFou07.png\|center\|400px\|Rotating Vector]]Length of projection of the rotating vector – shadowed on the imaginary axis – changes in a sinusoid manner.
	Length of projection of the rotating vector – shadowed on the imaginary axis – changes in a sinusoid manner.
	# Conclude that a sinusoid can be written as a phasor and in this fashion it is easier to deal with Fourier series. Compare this with sinusoid form. All the concerns about ''a''<sub>0</sub> ''a''<sub>n</sub> ''b''<sub>n</sub> have been relaxed. There is only one factor ''a''<sub>k</sub> that should be calculated. Calculations are done by calculating a simple integral of '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' that gives all the coefficients in one go. Now the before mentioned chef makes any kind of cake with just one ingredient. [[Image:WikiHowFou05.png\|center\|550px\|Fourier Series in Complex Form]]		# Conclude that a sinusoid can be written as a phasor and in this fashion it is easier to deal with Fourier series. Compare this with sinusoid form. All the concerns about ''a''<sub>0</sub> ''a''<sub>n</sub> ''b''<sub>n</sub> have been relaxed. There is only one factor ''a''<sub>k</sub> that should be calculated. Calculations are done by calculating a simple integral of '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' that gives all the coefficients in one go. Now the before mentioned chef makes any kind of cake with just one ingredient. [[Image:WikiHowFou05.png\|center\|550px\|Fourier Series in Complex Form]]
	# Interpret the expansion for the '''''f'' ( ''t'' )'''. What is unknown in that expansion?		# Interpret the expansion for the '''''f'' ( ''t'' )'''. What is unknown in that expansion?
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	#*For this reason this is said to be a ''time continuous'' transform.		#*For this reason this is said to be a ''time continuous'' transform.
	#*People who study waves, use an oscilloscope to watch the time continuous wave and use a spectrum analyser to watch the lines or spectrums of the concerned wave.		#*People who study waves, use an oscilloscope to watch the time continuous wave and use a spectrum analyser to watch the lines or spectrums of the concerned wave.
	# Look a the most frequent example. This is say, a rectangle shutter that regularly opens and closes. Or could be a clock time-stamping an event regularly. It is a train of fixed duration pulses.		# Look a the most frequent example. This is say, a rectangle shutter that regularly opens and closes. Or could be a clock time-stamping an event regularly. It is a train of fixed duration pulses.[[Image:WikiHowFou09.png\|center\|450px\|thumb\|A Train of Pulses]]
	[[Image:WikiHowFou09.png\|center\|450px\|thumb\|A Train of Pulses]]
	#*This is the easiest example one can calculate using K-12 (British A-level Maths) or equivalent knowledge of calculus, since inside the integral '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' is equal to one for part and equal to zero for other parts and you should calculate integral of an exponential which is equal to itself regardless of a coefficient. In that level you are familiar with converting a complex exponential to a sinusoid. Remains what is a '''''Sinc''''' function. Simply, '''''Sinc'' ( ''x'' ) = ''Sin'' ( ''x'' ) / ''x'''''. It scales a sinusoid to its angle, similar to percentage.		#*This is the easiest example one can calculate using K-12 (British A-level Maths) or equivalent knowledge of calculus, since inside the integral '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' is equal to one for part and equal to zero for other parts and you should calculate integral of an exponential which is equal to itself regardless of a coefficient. In that level you are familiar with converting a complex exponential to a sinusoid. Remains what is a '''''Sinc''''' function. Simply, '''''Sinc'' ( ''x'' ) = ''Sin'' ( ''x'' ) / ''x'''''. It scales a sinusoid to its angle, similar to percentage.
	#*[[Image:WikiHowFou10.png\|center\|200px\|thumb\| Sinc Function as the Envelope]]Draw the envelope of the '''''a''<sub>''k''</sub> '''.		#*[[Image:WikiHowFou10.png\|center\|200px\|thumb\| Sinc Function as the Envelope]]Draw the envelope of the '''''a''<sub>''k''</sub> '''.

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	==~~=====~~==		==Steps==
	# Learn what is a periodic function. A periodic function repeats its form in known interval of time. That is '''''f'' ( ''t'' ) = ''f'' ( ''t'' + ''n''T )''', where ''n'' is any integer.		# Learn what is a periodic function. A periodic function repeats its form in known interval of time. That is '''''f'' ( ''t'' ) = ''f'' ( ''t'' + ''n''T )''', where ''n'' is any integer.
	#*These intervals are called periods. In previous relation, '''T''' is the period.		#*These intervals are called periods. In previous relation, '''T''' is the period.
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	#*It only remains to calculate ''a''<sub>0</sub> and a formula that creates the whole bunch of ''a''<sub>n</sub> and whole bunch of ''b''<sub>n</sub>. You do it using orthogonality property of sinusoids.		#*It only remains to calculate ''a''<sub>0</sub> and a formula that creates the whole bunch of ''a''<sub>n</sub> and whole bunch of ''b''<sub>n</sub>. You do it using orthogonality property of sinusoids.
	#Learn what is the meaning of ''orthogonal'' functions. Orthogonal functions are perpendicular to each other. It means if you take any two, say, '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' and '''''g'' ( ''t'' )''' from a bunch of them, then		#Learn what is the meaning of ''orthogonal'' functions. Orthogonal functions are perpendicular to each other. It means if you take any two, say, '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' and '''''g'' ( ''t'' )''' from a bunch of them, then
	#*[[Image:WikiHowFou03.png\|~~left~~\|180px\|thumb\|Orthogonality]]		#*[[Image:WikiHowFou03.png\|center\|180px\|thumb\|Orthogonality]]
	#*Sinusoid functions are such a bunch of orthogonal functions.		#*Sinusoid functions are such a bunch of orthogonal functions.
	#*Compare this with the basic notion of perpendicular vectors where the dot product is equal to zero. Dot product is the summation of products of pairwise components of two vectors. Here instead of summation an integral should be calculated.		#*Compare this with the basic notion of perpendicular vectors where the dot product is equal to zero. Dot product is the summation of products of pairwise components of two vectors. Here instead of summation an integral should be calculated.
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	#*[[Image:WikiHowFou07.png\|center\|400px\|Rotating Vector]]		#*[[Image:WikiHowFou07.png\|center\|400px\|Rotating Vector]]
	Length of projection of the rotating vector – shadowed on the imaginary axis – changes in a sinusoid manner.		Length of projection of the rotating vector – shadowed on the imaginary axis – changes in a sinusoid manner.
	# Conclude that a sinusoid can be written as a phasor and in this fashion it is easier to deal with Fourier series. Compare this with sinusoid form. All the concerns about ''a''<sub>0</sub> ''a''<sub>n</sub> ''b''<sub>n</sub> have been relaxed. There is only one factor ''a''<sub>k</sub> that should be calculated. Calculations are done by calculating a simple integral of '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' that gives all the coefficients in one go. Now the before mentioned chef makes any kind of cake with just one ingredient. [[Image:WikiHowFou05.png\|~~left~~\|550px\|Fourier Series in Complex Form]]		# Conclude that a sinusoid can be written as a phasor and in this fashion it is easier to deal with Fourier series. Compare this with sinusoid form. All the concerns about ''a''<sub>0</sub> ''a''<sub>n</sub> ''b''<sub>n</sub> have been relaxed. There is only one factor ''a''<sub>k</sub> that should be calculated. Calculations are done by calculating a simple integral of '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' that gives all the coefficients in one go. Now the before mentioned chef makes any kind of cake with just one ingredient. [[Image:WikiHowFou05.png\|center\|550px\|Fourier Series in Complex Form]]
	# Interpret the expansion for the '''''f'' ( ''t'' )'''. What is unknown in that expansion?		# Interpret the expansion for the '''''f'' ( ''t'' )'''. What is unknown in that expansion?
	#* You need to calculate an infinite number of ''a''<sub>k</sub>'s.		#* You need to calculate an infinite number of ''a''<sub>k</sub>'s.
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	#**{ a<sub>k</sub> } is known as the spectrum of '''''f'' ( ''t'' )'''.		#**{ a<sub>k</sub> } is known as the spectrum of '''''f'' ( ''t'' )'''.
	#* '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' is actually the synthesise of infinite number of phasors with different length rotating with frequencies harmonic to the basic frequency '''ω'''<sub>0</sub> of the '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' in both directions, clockwise and counter-clockwise since ''k'' roams among the positive and negative integers, both.		#* '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' is actually the synthesise of infinite number of phasors with different length rotating with frequencies harmonic to the basic frequency '''ω'''<sub>0</sub> of the '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' in both directions, clockwise and counter-clockwise since ''k'' roams among the positive and negative integers, both.
	# Look at the pair of formulas as a transform, rather than as a series expansion. When you have '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' then you have ''a''<sub>k</sub>. And inversely, when you have ''a''<sub>k</sub> then you'll get '''''f'' ( ''t'' )'''. Values of ''a''<sub>k</sub> are transform of '''''f'' ( ''t'' )'''. Value of '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' is the inverse transform of ''a''<sub>k</sub>'s. This is written as,[[Image:WikiHowFou06 1.png\|~~left~~\|150px\|Fourier Pair]]		# Look at the pair of formulas as a transform, rather than as a series expansion. When you have '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' then you have ''a''<sub>k</sub>. And inversely, when you have ''a''<sub>k</sub> then you'll get '''''f'' ( ''t'' )'''. Values of ''a''<sub>k</sub> are transform of '''''f'' ( ''t'' )'''. Value of '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' is the inverse transform of ''a''<sub>k</sub>'s. This is written as,[[Image:WikiHowFou06.png\|center\|150px\|Fourier Pair]]
	# Note. It seems that there are two '''''domains'''''. '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' is in the domain of time but a<sub>k</sub>'s are in domain of integer numbers. Hence, Fourier expansion transforms one domain to another domain and vice versa. [[Image:WikiHowFou08 3.png\|~~left~~\|450px\|Note]]		# Note. It seems that there are two '''''domains'''''. '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' is in the domain of time but a<sub>k</sub>'s are in domain of integer numbers. Hence, Fourier expansion transforms one domain to another domain and vice versa. [[Image:WikiHowFou08.png\|center\|450px\|Note]]
	#*For this reason this is said to be a ''time continuous'' transform.		#*For this reason this is said to be a ''time continuous'' transform.
	#*People who study waves, use an oscilloscope to watch the time continuous wave and use a spectrum analyser to watch the lines or spectrums of the concerned wave.		#*People who study waves, use an oscilloscope to watch the time continuous wave and use a spectrum analyser to watch the lines or spectrums of the concerned wave.
	# Look a the most frequent example. This is say, a rectangle shutter that regularly opens and closes. Or could be a clock time-stamping an event regularly. It is a train of fixed duration pulses.		# Look a the most frequent example. This is say, a rectangle shutter that regularly opens and closes. Or could be a clock time-stamping an event regularly. It is a train of fixed duration pulses.
	[[Image:WikiHowFou09 1.png\|~~left~~\|450px\|thumb\|A Train of Pulses]]		[[Image:WikiHowFou09.png\|center\|450px\|thumb\|A Train of Pulses]]
	#*This is the easiest example one can calculate using K-12 (British A-level Maths) or equivalent knowledge of calculus, since inside the integral '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' is equal to one for part and equal to zero for other parts and you should calculate integral of an exponential which is equal to itself regardless of a coefficient. In that level you are familiar with converting a complex exponential to a sinusoid. Remains what is a '''''Sinc''''' function. Simply, '''''Sinc'' ( ''x'' ) = ''Sin'' ( ''x'' ) / ''x'''''. It scales a sinusoid to its angle, similar to percentage.		#*This is the easiest example one can calculate using K-12 (British A-level Maths) or equivalent knowledge of calculus, since inside the integral '''''f'' ( ''t'' )''' is equal to one for part and equal to zero for other parts and you should calculate integral of an exponential which is equal to itself regardless of a coefficient. In that level you are familiar with converting a complex exponential to a sinusoid. Remains what is a '''''Sinc''''' function. Simply, '''''Sinc'' ( ''x'' ) = ''Sin'' ( ''x'' ) / ''x'''''. It scales a sinusoid to its angle, similar to percentage.
	#*[[Image:WikiHowFou10.png\|~~right~~\|200px\|thumb\| Sinc Function as the Envelope]]Draw the envelope of the '''''a''<sub>''k''</sub> '''.		#*[[Image:WikiHowFou10.png\|center\|200px\|thumb\| Sinc Function as the Envelope]]Draw the envelope of the '''''a''<sub>''k''</sub> '''.
	#*Draw the envelope of the '''\|''a''<sub>''k''</sub> \|''' to appreciate its dying hops.		#*Draw the envelope of the '''\|''a''<sub>''k''</sub> \|''' to appreciate its dying hops.
	#*Each ''lobe'' of the '''Sinc''' function is filled with certain number of spectrum lines.		#*Each ''lobe'' of the '''Sinc''' function is filled with certain number of spectrum lines.
	#*Making Each pulse of the ''train'' narrower, makes the number of the lines in the spectrum to be increased and looks more dense and it seems as if the spectrum is actually a continuous '''Sinc''' function not a discrete any more.		#*Making Each pulse of the ''train'' narrower, makes the number of the lines in the spectrum to be increased and looks more dense and it seems as if the spectrum is actually a continuous '''Sinc''' function not a discrete any more.
	# Appreciate that now you are looking at the Fourier series expansion of a periodic function as a transform of two domains. Remains to see what is the transform of a non-periodic function.		# Appreciate that now you are looking at the Fourier series expansion of a periodic function as a transform of two domains. Remains to see what is the transform of a non-periodic function.
	# Affirm your expectation that the expansion of a non-periodic function will be in the form of an integral instead of summation.[[Image:WikiHowFou11.png\|~~left~~\|550px\|Fourier Series in Complex Form]]		# Affirm your expectation that the expansion of a non-periodic function will be in the form of an integral instead of summation.[[Image:WikiHowFou11.png\|center\|550px\|Fourier Series in Complex Form]]
	#*You are correct that this is the Fourier ''integral'' contrasted with the Fourier ''series''.		#*You are correct that this is the Fourier ''integral'' contrasted with the Fourier ''series''.
	#Hence Fourier transform for ''continuous time" functions could be a Fourier series or a Fourier integral.		#Hence Fourier transform for ''continuous time" functions could be a Fourier series or a Fourier integral.
	# Consider a single rectangular pulse. You see that pulse if a rectangular shutter opens and be closed only once. Or a step motor becomes on and then off.		# Consider a single rectangular pulse. You see that pulse if a rectangular shutter opens and be closed only once. Or a step motor becomes on and then off.
	[[Image:WikiHowFou12.png\|~~left~~\|450px\|thumb\|A Single Pulse]]		[[Image:WikiHowFou12.png\|center\|450px\|thumb\|A Single Pulse]]